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The Cucaracha Formation (Tca)cite-ref-geomap1980-1-0[1] is a geologic formation in Panama. It preserves vertebrate and plant fossils dating back to the Neogene period; Early to Middle Miocene epochs (Hemingfordian).cite-ref-2[2] Fossils of the crocodylian Centenariosuchus, the turtle Rhinoclemmys panamaensis and the artiodactyl Paratoceras have been found in the formation.cite-ref-fwcentenariosuchus-3-0[3]

The Cucaracha Formation is approximately 125 metres (410 ft) thick,cite-ref-kirby2008-p9-4-0[4] and dated to 19 to 14 Ma.cite-ref-kirby2008-p11-5-0[5]

• Fossil content

• Mammals

• Reptiles

• Plants

• See also

• References

• Bibliography

| Bats reported from the Cucaracha Formation | Bats reported from the Cucaracha Formation | Bats reported from the Cucaracha Formation | Bats reported from the Cucaracha Formation | Bats reported from the Cucaracha Formation | Bats reported from the Cucaracha Formation |

|---|---|---|---|---|---|

| Genus | Species | Presence | Material | Notes | Images |

| Americanycteris [ 6 ] [ 7 ] | A. cyrtodon | Centenario Bridge & Hodges Hill | Partial jaw & right premolar | A leaf-nosed bat , first reported as a new "large insectivorous phyllostomine " | |

| Carnivorans reported from the Cucaracha Formation | Carnivorans reported from the Cucaracha Formation | Carnivorans reported from the Cucaracha Formation | Carnivorans reported from the Cucaracha Formation | Carnivorans reported from the Cucaracha Formation | Carnivorans reported from the Cucaracha Formation |

|---|---|---|---|---|---|

| Genus | Species | Presence | Material | Notes | Images |

| Bassaricyonoides [ 6 ] | B. sp. | Gaillard Cut | | A procyonid | |

| Daphoenodon [ 6 ] | cf. D. sp. | Gaillard Cut | | A bear dog | |

| Hemicyonidae indet. [ 8 ] | Indeterminate | Gaillard Cut | Radius & ulna fragment | A bear | |

| Tomarctus [ 6 ] [ 8 ] | T. brevirostris | Gaillard Cut | Jaw & teeth | A borophagine dog | |

| Rodents reported from the Cucaracha Formation | Rodents reported from the Cucaracha Formation | Rodents reported from the Cucaracha Formation | Rodents reported from the Cucaracha Formation | Rodents reported from the Cucaracha Formation | Rodents reported from the Cucaracha Formation |

|---|---|---|---|---|---|

| Genus | Species | Presence | Material | Notes | Images |

| Nototamias [ 6 ] | N. sp. | Gaillard Cut | | A ground squirrel | |

| Petauristodon [ 6 ] | P. sp. | Gaillard Cut | | A flying squirrel | |

| Proheteromys [ 6 ] | P. sp. | Gaillard Cut | | A heteromyid | |

| Texomys [ 6 ] [ 9 ] | T. stewarti | Pedro Miguel Lock & Gaillard Cut | Teeth | A jimomyid | |

| Ungulates reported from the Cucaracha Formation | Ungulates reported from the Cucaracha Formation | Ungulates reported from the Cucaracha Formation | Ungulates reported from the Cucaracha Formation | Ungulates reported from the Cucaracha Formation | Ungulates reported from the Cucaracha Formation |

|---|---|---|---|---|---|

| Genus | Species | Presence | Material | Notes | Images |

| Anchitherium [ 6 ] [ 8 ] [ 10 ] | A. clarencei | Gaillard Cut & Centenario Bridge | Mandible fragment, upper cheek tooth & maxilla | An equid | |

| Archaeohippus [ 6 ] [ 8 ] | A. sp. | Gaillard Cut | Calcaneus & tooth | An equid | |

| Cynorca [ 6 ] [ 11 ] | C. occidentale | Gaillard Cut, Centenario Bridge & Hodges Hill | Jaw elements with teeth | Species reassigned to the genus Tedfordhyus [ 12 ] | |

| Floridaceras [ 6 ] [ 8 ] | F. whitei | Gaillard Cut | Jaws, teeth & femur fragment | A rhinoceros | |

| Floridatragulus [ 6 ] | cf. F. nanus | Gaillard Cut | | A camelid | |

| Machaeromeryx [ 6 ] | cf. M. sp. | Gaillard Cut | | A moschid | |

| Menoceras [ 6 ] [ 8 ] | M. barbouri | Gaillard Cut | Teeth & limb elements | A rhinoceros | |

| Merycochoerus [ 6 ] [ 8 ] | M. matthewi | Gaillard Cut | Skull elements | An oreodont | |

| Parablastomeryx [ 6 ] | cf. P. sp. | Gaillard Cut | | A moschid | |

| Paratoceras [ 6 ] [ 8 ] [ 13 ] | P. coatesi | Gaillard Cut, Centenario Bridge, Hodges Hill & Cartagena Hill | Skull elements, teeth & limb fragments | A protoceratid , first reported as P. wardi | |

| Paratoceras [ 6 ] [ 8 ] [ 13 ] | P. wardi | Gaillard Cut | Skull elements, teeth & limb fragments | Remains reassigned to P. coatesi | |

| Tedfordhyus [ 6 ] [ 11 ] | T. occidentalis | Gaillard Cut, Centenario Bridge & Hodges Hill | Jaw elements with teeth | A peccary , originally named Cynorca occidentale | |

| Birds reported from the Cucaracha Formation | Birds reported from the Cucaracha Formation | Birds reported from the Cucaracha Formation | Birds reported from the Cucaracha Formation | Birds reported from the Cucaracha Formation | Birds reported from the Cucaracha Formation |

|---|---|---|---|---|---|

| Genus | Species | Presence | Material | Notes | Images |

| Accipitridae indet. [ 14 ] | Indeterminate | West side of the Panama Canal | Talon | A large eagle, talon resembles those of the crowned eagle and martial eagle | |

| Crocodilians reported from the Cucaracha Formation | Crocodilians reported from the Cucaracha Formation | Crocodilians reported from the Cucaracha Formation | Crocodilians reported from the Cucaracha Formation | Crocodilians reported from the Cucaracha Formation | Crocodilians reported from the Cucaracha Formation |

|---|---|---|---|---|---|

| Genus | Species | Presence | Material | Notes | Images |

| Centenariosuchus [ 15 ] | C. gilmorei | Hodges Hill | Skull & jaw | A caiman | |

| Centenariosuchus [ 15 ] | cf. C. gilmorei | Centenario Bridge | Right angular | A caiman | |

| Dadagavialis [ 16 ] | D. gunai | East margin of the Panama Canal | Partial snout | A gavialid | |

| Dadagavialis [ 16 ] | cf. D. gunai | Centenario Bridge | Partial mandible | A gavialid | |

| Eusuchia indet. [ 15 ] | Indeterminate | Panama Canal Zone | Headless skeleton | Osteoderms comparable to those of gavialids such as Gavialosuchus , but crocodilian osteoderms are non-diagnostic | |

| Squamates reported from the Cucaracha Formation | Squamates reported from the Cucaracha Formation | Squamates reported from the Cucaracha Formation | Squamates reported from the Cucaracha Formation | Squamates reported from the Cucaracha Formation | Squamates reported from the Cucaracha Formation |

|---|---|---|---|---|---|

| Genus | Species | Presence | Material | Notes | Images |

| Boa [ 17 ] | B. cf. B. constrictor | Cartagena Hill & Hodges Hill | Incomplete vertebrae | A boid snake | |

| Turtles reported from the Cucaracha Formation | Turtles reported from the Cucaracha Formation | Turtles reported from the Cucaracha Formation | Turtles reported from the Cucaracha Formation | Turtles reported from the Cucaracha Formation | Turtles reported from the Cucaracha Formation |

|---|---|---|---|---|---|

| Genus | Species | Presence | Material | Notes | Images |

| Podocnemididae indet. [ 18 ] | Incertae sedis | Centenario Bridge | Right epiplastron | A side-necked turtle | |

| Rhinoclemmys [ 18 ] | R. panamaensis | Centenario Bridge | Shell elements | A geoemydid turtle | |

| Rhinoclemmys [ 18 ] | R. sp. | Centenario Bridge & Culebra Reach | Isolated bones | A geoemydid turtle | |

| Staurotypus [ 18 ] | S. moschus | Centenario Bridge | Peripheral part of shell | A kinosternid turtle | |

| Testudinidae indet. [ 18 ] | Incertae sedis | Culebra Reach | Shell & limb elements | A tortoise | |

| Trionychidae indet. [ 18 ] | Incertae sedis | Centenario Bridge | Right costal | A softshell turtle | |

| Plants reported from the Cucaracha Formation | Plants reported from the Cucaracha Formation | Plants reported from the Cucaracha Formation | Plants reported from the Cucaracha Formation | Plants reported from the Cucaracha Formation | Plants reported from the Cucaracha Formation |

|---|---|---|---|---|---|

| Genus | Species | Presence | Material | Notes | Images |

| Ampelorhiza [ 19 ] | A. heteroxylon | Culebra Cut | Roots | A member of Paullinieae | |

| Antrocaryon [ 20 ] | A. panamaensis | Lirio East | Endocarps | A member of Anacardiaceae | |

| Dracontomelon [ 20 ] | D. montesii | Lirio East | Endocarps | A member of Anacardiaceae | |

| Guazumaoxylon [ 21 ] | G. miocenica | Hodges Hill | Wood | A member of Malvaceae , similar to Guazuma | |

| Mammea [ 22 ] | M. paramericana | Northern Lirio East | Stem | A member of Calophyllaceae | |

| Oreomunnea [ 23 ] | O. grahamii | Lirio East | Nuts | A member of Juglandaceae | |

| Panascleroticoxylon [ 24 ] | P. crystallosa | Hodges Hill | Wood | A member of Malpighiales | |

| Parinari [ 25 ] | P. panamensis | Lirio East, Gold Hill & Empire sites | Endocarps | A member of Chrysobalanaceae | |

| Parinarioxylon [ 25 ] | P. panamensis | Lirio East | Wood | A member of Chrysobalanaceae | |

| Periplanetoxylon [ 21 ] | P. panamense | Hodges Hill | Wood | A member of Malvaceae | |

| Prioria [ 26 ] | P. canalensis | Hodges Hill | Wood | A legume | |

| Prioria [ 26 ] | P. hodgesii | Hodges Hill | Wood | A legume | |

| Rourea [ 27 ] | R. blatta | Northern Lirio East site | Wood | A liana belonging to the Connaraceae | |

| Spondias [ 20 ] | S. rothwellii | Lirio East | Endocarps | A member of Anacardiaceae | |

• List of fossiliferous stratigraphic units in Panama

cite-note-geomap1980-11. ↑ Geologic Map, 1980

cite-note-22. ↑ Cucaracha Formation at Fossilworks.org

cite-note-fwcentenariosuchus-33. ↑ Centenariosuchus at Fossilworks.org

cite-note-kirby2008-p9-44. ↑ Kirby et al., 2008, p.9

cite-note-kirby2008-p11-55. ↑ Kirby et al., 2008, p.11

cite-note-7-61. citerefmacfaddenblochevansfoster2014MacFadden, Bruce J.; Bloch, Jonathan I.; Evans, Helen; Foster, David A.; Morgan, Gary S.; Rincon, Aldo; Wood, Aaron R. (March 2014). "Temporal Calibration and Biochronology of the Centenario Fauna, Early Miocene of Panama". The Journal of Geology. 122 (2): 113–135. Bibcode:2014JG....122..113M. doi:10.1086/675244. ISSN 0022-1376.

cite-note-72. citerefmorganczaplewskirinconbloch2023Morgan, Gary S.; Czaplewski, Nicholas; Rincon, Aldo F.; Bloch, Jonathan Ivan (November 2023). "A new early Miocene bat (Chiroptera: Phyllostomidae) from Panama confirms middle Cenozoic chiropteran dispersal between the Americas". Journal of Mammalian Evolution. 30 (4): 963–993. doi:10.1007/s10914-023-09690-4.

cite-note-0-83. citerefmacfadden2006Macfadden, Bruce J. (2006). "North American Miocene Land Mammals from Panama". Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology. 26 (3): 720–734. doi:10.1671/0272-4634(2006)26[720:NAMLMF]2.0.CO;2. ISSN 0272-4634. JSTOR 4524616.

cite-note-94. citerefslaughter1981Slaughter, Bob H. (1981). "A New Genus of Geomyoid Rodent from the Miocene of Texas and Panama". Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology. 1 (1): 111–115. Bibcode:1981JVPal...1..111S. doi:10.1080/02724634.1981.10011884. ISSN 0272-4634. JSTOR 4522841.

cite-note-105. citerefmacfadden2009MacFadden, Bruce J. (2009). "Three-Toed Browsing Horse Anchitherium (Equidae) from the Miocene of Panama". Journal of Paleontology. 83 (3): 489–492. Bibcode:2009JPal...83..489M. doi:10.1666/08-155.1. ISSN 0022-3360. JSTOR 29739113.

cite-note-2-116. citerefmacfaddenkirbyrinconmontes2010Macfadden, Bruce J.; Kirby, Michael X.; Rincon, Aldo; Montes, Camilo; Moron, Sara; Strong, Nikki; Jaramillo, Carlos (March 2010). "Extinct peccary "Cynorca" occidentale (Tayassuidae, Tayassuinae) from the Miocene of Panama and correlations to North America". Journal of Paleontology. 84 (2): 288–298. Bibcode:2010JPal...84..288M. doi:10.1666/09-064R.1. ISSN 0022-3360.

cite-note-127. citerefprothero2021PROTHERO, DONALD R. (2021-05-28). THE SYSTEMATICS OF NORTH AMERICAN PECCARIES (MAMMALIA: ARTIODACTYLA: TAYASSUIDAE). New Mexico Museum of Natural History and Science.

cite-note-138. citerefrinconblochmacfaddenjaramillo2015Rincon, Aldo F.; Bloch, Jonathan I.; Macfadden, Bruce J.; Jaramillo, Carlos A. (2015-09-03). "New early Miocene protoceratids (Mammalia, Artiodactyla) from Panama". Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology. 35 (5): e970688. Bibcode:2015JVPal..35E0688R. doi:10.1080/02724634.2015.970688. ISSN 0272-4634.

cite-note-149. citerefsteadmanmacfadden2016Steadman, David. W.; MacFadden, Bruce J. (2016). "A large eagle (Aves, Accipitridae) from the early Miocene of Panama". Journal of Paleontology. 90 (5): 1012–1015. Bibcode:2016JPal...90.1012S. doi:10.1017/jpa.2016.103. ISSN 0022-3360. JSTOR 48572611. S2CID 132732768.

cite-note-3-1510. citerefhastingsblochjaramillorincon2013Hastings, Alexander K.; Bloch, Jonathan I.; Jaramillo, Carlos A.; Rincon, Aldo F.; Macfadden, Bruce J. (2013). "Systematics and biogeography of crocodylians from the Miocene of Panama". Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology. 33 (2): 239. Bibcode:2013JVPal..33..239H. doi:10.1080/02724634.2012.713814. ISSN 0272-4634.

cite-note-1611. citerefsalas-gismondimoreno-bernalscheyers-nchez-villagra2019Salas-Gismondi, Rodolfo; Moreno-Bernal, Jorge W.; Scheyer, Torsten M.; Sánchez-Villagra, Marcelo R.; Jaramillo, Carlos (2019-06-18). "New Miocene Caribbean gavialoids and patterns of longirostry in crocodylians". Journal of Systematic Palaeontology. 17 (12): 1049–1075. Bibcode:2019JSPal..17.1049S. doi:10.1080/14772019.2018.1495275. ISSN 1477-2019.

cite-note-1712. citerefheadrinconsuarezmontes2012Head, Jason J.; Rincon, Aldo F.; Suarez, Catalina; Montes, Camilo; Jaramillo, Carlos (2012-10-31). "Fossil evidence for earliest Neogene American faunal interchange: Boa (Serpentes, Boinae) from the early Miocene of Panama". Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology. 32 (6): 1328–1334. Bibcode:2012JVPal..32.1328H. doi:10.1080/02724634.2012.694387. ISSN 0272-4634.

cite-note-1-1813. citerefcadenabourquerinc-nbloch2012Cadena, E.; Bourque, J.R.; Rincón, A.F.; Bloch, J.I.; Jaramillo, C.A.; MacFadden, B.J. (2012). "New turtles (Chelonia) from the late Eocene through Late Miocene of the Panama Canal Basin". Journal of Paleontology. 86 (3): 539–557. Bibcode:2012JPal...86..539C. doi:10.1666/11-106.1.

cite-note-1914. citerefjudallennelsonbastos2021Jud, Nathan A.; Allen, Sarah E.; Nelson, Chris W.; Bastos, Carolina L.; Chery, Joyce G. (2021-04-07). Wong, William Oki (ed.). "Climbing since the early Miocene: The fossil record of Paullinieae (Sapindaceae)". PLOS ONE. 16 (4): e0248369. Bibcode:2021PLoSO..1648369J. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0248369. ISSN 1932-6203. PMC 8026063. PMID 33826635.

cite-note-5-2015. citerefherreracarvalhojaramillomanchester2019Herrera, Fabiany; Carvalho, Mónica R.; Jaramillo, Carlos; Manchester, Steven R. (July 2019). "19-Million-Year-Old Spondioid Fruits from Panama Reveal a Dynamic Dispersal History for Anacardiaceae". International Journal of Plant Sciences. 180 (6): 479–492. doi:10.1086/703551. ISSN 1058-5893.

cite-note-4-2116. citerefrodr-guez-reyesfalcon-langgassoncollinson2014Rodríguez-Reyes, Oris; Falcon-Lang, Howard; Gasson, Peter; Collinson, Margaret; Jaramillo, Carlos (October 2014). "Fossil woods (Malvaceae) from the lower Miocene (early to mid-Burdigalian) part of the Cucaracha Formation of Panama (Central America) and their biogeographic implications". Review of Palaeobotany and Palynology. 209: 11–34. Bibcode:2014RPaPa.209...11R. doi:10.1016/j.revpalbo.2014.05.006. ISSN 0034-6667.

cite-note-2217. citerefnelsonjud2017Nelson, Chris W.; Jud, Nathan A. (2017-03-01). "Biogeographic Implications of Mammea paramericana sp. nov. from the Lower Miocene of Panama and the Evolution of Calophyllaceae". International Journal of Plant Sciences. 178 (3): 241–257. doi:10.1086/689618. ISSN 1058-5893. S2CID 89714823.

cite-note-2318. citerefgrahammontielravenstevens2014Graham, Alan; Montiel, Olga Martha; Raven, Peter H.; Stevens, Warren Douglas (2014). "Fruits of Oreomunnea (Juglandaceae) in the early Miocene of Panama". Paleobotany and biogeography :a festschrift for Alan Graham in his 80th year. Missouri Botanical Garden. pp. 124–133.

cite-note-2419. citerefrodriguez-reyesgassonthorntonfalcon-lang2017Rodriguez-Reyes, Oris; Gasson, Peter; Thornton, Carolyn; Falcon-Lang, Howard J.; Jud, Nathan A. (2017-12-06). "Panascleroticoxylon crystallosa gen. et sp. nov.: a new Miocene malpighialean tree from Panama". IAWA Journal. 38 (4): 437–455. doi:10.1163/22941932-20170178. ISSN 0928-1541.

cite-note-6-2520. citerefjudnelsonherrera2016Jud, Nathan A.; Nelson, Chris W.; Herrera, Fabiany (2016-02-10). "Fruits and wood of Parinari from the early Miocene of Panama and the fossil record of Chrysobalanaceae". American Journal of Botany. 103 (2): 277–289. doi:10.3732/ajb.1500425. ISSN 0002-9122. PMID 26865122.

cite-note-2621. citerefrodr-guez-reyesgassonfalcon-langcollinson2017Rodríguez-Reyes, Oris; Gasson, Peter; Falcon-Lang, Howard J.; Collinson, Margaret E. (November 2017). "Fossil legume woods of the Prioria-clade (subfamily Detarioideae) from the lower Miocene (early to mid-Burdigalian) part of the Cucaracha Formation of Panama (Central America) and their systematic and palaeoecological implications". Review of Palaeobotany and Palynology. 246: 44–61. Bibcode:2017RPaPa.246...44R. doi:10.1016/j.revpalbo.2017.06.005.

cite-note-2722. citerefjudnelson2017Jud, Nathan A.; Nelson, Chris W. (May 2017). "A liana from the lower Miocene of Panama and the fossil record of Connaraceae". American Journal of Botany. 104 (5): 685–693. doi:10.3732/ajb.1700080. ISSN 0002-9122. PMID 28500228.

• citerefkirbyjonesmacfadden2008Kirby, Michael Xavier; Jones, Douglas S.; MacFadden, Bruce J. (2008), "Lower Miocene Stratigraphy along the Panama Canal and Its Bearing on the Central American Peninsula", PLoS ONE, 3 (7): 1–14, Bibcode:2008PLoSO...3.2791K, doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0002791, PMC 2464738, PMID 18665219

• citerefstewartstewartwoodring1980Stewart, R.H.; Stewart, J.L.; Woodring, W.P. (1980), Geologic Map of the Panama Canal and Vicinity (PDF), USGS, p. 1, retrieved 2019-02-09

• citerefwoodring1957Woodring, W.P (1957), Geology and Paleontology of Canal Zone and Adjoining Parts of Panama - 306A Geology and description of Tertiary mollusks (Gastropods: Trochidae to Turritellidae) (PDF), USGS, pp. 1–186, retrieved 2019-02-09